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  2. Free variables and bound variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_variables_and_bound...

    Note: we define a location in an expression as a leaf node in the syntax tree. Variable binding occurs when that location is below the node n. In the lambda calculus, x is a bound variable in the term M = λx. T and a free variable in the term T. We say x is bound in M and free in T. If T contains a subterm λx. U then x is rebound in this term.

  3. Simplex algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_algorithm

    The variables corresponding to the columns of the identity matrix are called basic variables while the remaining variables are called nonbasic or free variables. If the values of the nonbasic variables are set to 0, then the values of the basic variables are easily obtained as entries in b {\displaystyle \mathbf {b} } and this solution is a ...

  4. Basic feasible solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_feasible_solution

    Since non-basic variables equal 0, the current BFS is , and the current maximization objective is . If all coefficients in r {\displaystyle r} are negative, then z 0 {\displaystyle z_{0}} is an optimal solution, since all variables (including all non-basic variables) must be at least 0, so the second line implies z ≤ z 0 {\displaystyle z\leq ...

  5. Algebraic logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_logic

    In mathematical logic, algebraic logic is the reasoning obtained by manipulating equations with free variables.. What is now usually called classical algebraic logic focuses on the identification and algebraic description of models appropriate for the study of various logics (in the form of classes of algebras that constitute the algebraic semantics for these deductive systems) and connected ...

  6. Matrix calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_calculus

    In mathematics, matrix calculus is a specialized notation for doing multivariable calculus, especially over spaces of matrices.It collects the various partial derivatives of a single function with respect to many variables, and/or of a multivariate function with respect to a single variable, into vectors and matrices that can be treated as single entities.

  7. Matrix (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)

    For example, if A is a 3-by-0 matrix and B is a 0-by-3 matrix, then AB is the 3-by-3 zero matrix corresponding to the null map from a 3-dimensional space V to itself, while BA is a 0-by-0 matrix. There is no common notation for empty matrices, but most computer algebra systems allow creating and computing with them.

  8. Lambda calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculus

    Variables that fall within the scope of an abstraction are said to be bound. In an expression λx.M, the part λx is often called binder, as a hint that the variable x is getting bound by prepending λx to M. All other variables are called free. For example, in the expression λy.x x y, y is a bound variable and x is a free variable. Also a ...

  9. Change of variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_variables

    Change of variables is an operation that is related to substitution. However these are different operations, as can be seen when considering differentiation or integration (integration by substitution). A very simple example of a useful variable change can be seen in the problem of finding the roots of the sixth-degree polynomial: