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Thermodynamics. Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to increase in length, area, or volume, changing its size and density, in response to an increase in temperature (usually excluding phase transitions). [1] Substances usually contract with decreasing temperature (thermal contraction), with rare exceptions within limited temperature ...
Thermal stress. In mechanics and thermodynamics, thermal stress is mechanical stress created by any change in temperature of a material. These stresses can lead to fracturing or plastic deformation depending on the other variables of heating, which include material types and constraints. [1] Temperature gradients, thermal expansion or ...
Water is a fluid that does not obey the Boussinesq approximation. [36] This is because its density varies nonlinearly with temperature, which causes its thermal expansion coefficient to be inconsistent near freezing temperatures. [37] [38] The density of water reaches a maximum at 4 °C and decreases as the temperature deviates.
Joule–Thomson effect. In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is expanding; typically caused by the pressure loss from flow through a valve or porous plug while keeping ...
Continuum mechanics. Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles's law is: When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion.
Mantle convection. Simplified model of mantle convection: [1] Whole-mantle convection. Mantle convection is the very slow creep of Earth's solid silicate mantle as convection currents carry heat from the interior to the planet's surface. [2][3] Mantle convection causes tectonic plates to move around the Earth's surface. [4]
Other. Category. v. t. e. An adiabatic process (adiabatic from Ancient Greek ἀδιάβατος (adiábatos) 'impassable') is a type of thermodynamic process that occurs without transferring heat or mass between the thermodynamic system and its environment. Unlike an isothermal process, an adiabatic process transfers energy to the surroundings ...
Thermal shock resistance measures can be used for material selection in applications subject to rapid temperature changes. The maximum temperature jump, , sustainable by a material can be defined for strength-controlled models by: [4] [3] = where is the failure stress (which can be yield or fracture stress), is the coefficient of thermal expansion, is the Young's modulus, and is a constant ...