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Germanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white and similar in appearance to silicon. It is a metalloid (more rarely considered a metal) in the carbon group that is chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms ...
synthetic element. The carbon group is a periodic table group consisting of carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and flerovium (Fl). It lies within the p-block. In modern IUPAC notation, it is called group 14. In the field of semiconductor physics, it is still universally called group IV.
Germanium is used in high-speed computer chips, plastics and military applications such as night-vision devices as well as satellite imagery sensors. Gallium is used in radar and radio ...
Germanium (32 Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes, 70 Ge, 72 Ge, 73 Ge, 74 Ge, and 76 Ge. Of these, 76 Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.78 × 10 21 years [4] (130 billion times the age of the universe). Stable 74 Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately ...
Two oxides of germanium are known: germanium dioxide (GeO 2, germania) and germanium monoxide, (GeO). [4] The dioxide, GeO 2 can be obtained by roasting germanium disulfide (GeS 2) or by allowing elemental germanium to slowly oxidze in air, [5] and is a white powder that is only slightly soluble in water but reacts with alkalis to form germanates. [4]
Graphs of abundance vs atomic number. Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number; [5] siderophiles shown in yellow. Graphs of abundance against atomic number can reveal patterns relating abundance to stellar nucleosynthesis and geochemistry.
The average ore grade was 10% Pb, 4.3% Cu, 3.5% Zn, 100 ppm Ag, 50 ppm Ge. [9] It is noted for 243 valid minerals and is the type location for 56 types of mineral. Some of the germanium minerals are only found in this mine. [10]
Infobox references. Germanium dioxide, also called germanium (IV) oxide, germania, and salt of germanium, [1] is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ge O 2. It is the main commercial source of germanium. It also forms as a passivation layer on pure germanium in contact with atmospheric oxygen.