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2. Electrodeionization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodeionization

   Electrodeionization (EDI) is a water treatment technology that utilizes DC power, ion exchange membranes, and ion exchange resin to deionize water. EDI is typically employed as a polishing treatment following reverse osmosis (RO), and is used in the production of ultrapure water. It differs from other RO polishing methods, like chemically ...

3. Capacitive deionization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_deionization

   where R is the gas constant (8.314 J mol −1 K −1), T the temperature (K), Φ v,fresh, the flow rate of the fresh water outflow (m 3 /s), C feed the concentration of ions in the feed water (mol/m 3) and C fresh the ion concentration in the fresh water outflow (mol/m 3) of the CDI cell.

4. Ion exchange - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

   Ion exchange is widely used in the food and beverage industry, hydrometallurgy, metals finishing, chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical technology, sugar and sweetener production, ground- and potable-water treatment, nuclear, softening, industrial water treatment, semiconductor, power, and many other industries. [citation needed]

5. Electrocoagulation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocoagulation

   Electrocoagulation (EC) is a technique used for wastewater treatment, wash water treatment, industrially processed water, and medical treatment. Electrocoagulation has become a rapidly growing area of wastewater treatment due to its ability to remove contaminants that are generally more difficult to remove by filtration or chemical treatment systems, such as emulsified oil, total petroleum ...

6. Electrodialysis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodialysis

   When fed with low TDS feed (e.g., feed purified by RO), the product can reach very high purity levels (e.g., 18 MΩ-cm). The ion-exchange resins act to retain the ions, allowing these to be transported across the ion-exchange membranes. The main usage of EDI systems are in electronics, pharmaceutical, power generation, and cooling tower ...

7. Water ionizer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_ionizer

   Despite being described as 'water ionizers', the machines are designed to work as water electrolyzers. [3] This is an electrochemical process in which water is split to form hydrogen and oxygen by an electric current. [1] [18] In some machines, the process produces calcium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid through the use of an ion-exchange ...