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2. Electrodeionization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodeionization

   Electrodeionization (EDI) is a water treatment technology that utilizes DC power, ion exchange membranes, and ion exchange resin to deionize water. EDI is typically employed as a polishing treatment following reverse osmosis (RO), and is used in the production of ultrapure water. It differs from other RO polishing methods, like chemically ...

3. Water ionizer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_ionizer

   Despite being described as 'water ionizers', the machines are designed to work as water electrolyzers. [3] This is an electrochemical process in which water is split to form hydrogen and oxygen by an electric current. [1] [18] In some machines, the process produces calcium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid through the use of an ion-exchange ...

4. Ion exchange - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

   Ion exchange is widely used in the food and beverage industry, hydrometallurgy, metals finishing, chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical technology, sugar and sweetener production, ground- and potable-water treatment, nuclear, softening, industrial water treatment, semiconductor, power, and many other industries. [citation needed]

5. Self-ionization of water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water

   The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, autoprotolysis of water, autodissociation of water, or simply dissociation of water) is an ionization reaction in pure water or in an aqueous solution, in which a water molecule, H 2 O, deprotonates (loses the nucleus of one of its hydrogen atoms) to become a hydroxide ion, OH −.

6. Electrolysis of water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water

   Pure water has a charge carrier density similar to semiconductors [12] [page needed] since it has a low autoionization, K w = 1.0×10 −14 at room temperature and thus pure water conducts current poorly, 0.055 μS/cm. [13] Unless a large potential is applied to increase the autoionization of water, electrolysis of pure water proceeds slowly ...

7. Electrodialysis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodialysis

   When fed with low TDS feed (e.g., feed purified by RO), the product can reach very high purity levels (e.g., 18 MΩ-cm). The ion-exchange resins act to retain the ions, allowing these to be transported across the ion-exchange membranes. The main usage of EDI systems are in electronics, pharmaceutical, power generation, and cooling tower ...

8. Conductivity (electrolytic) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)

   Conductivity measurements are used routinely in many industrial and environmental applications as a fast, inexpensive and reliable way of measuring the ionic content in a solution. [1] For example, the measurement of product conductivity is a typical way to monitor and continuously trend the performance of water purification systems.

9. Portable water purification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_water_purification

   Water contaminated by aluminium or zinc cannot be treated in this way using a strong alkali as higher pHs re-dissolve the metal salts. Salt is difficult to remove except by reverse osmosis or distillation. Most portable treatment processes focus on mitigating human pathogens for safety and removing particulates matter, tastes and odours.