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In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula −OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry , alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups.
Alpha hydroxy carboxylic acids, or α-hydroxy carboxylic acids (AHAs), are a group of carboxylic acids featuring a hydroxy group located one carbon atom away from the acid group. This structural aspect distinguishes them from beta hydroxy acids , where the functional groups are separated by two carbon atoms. [ 1 ]
The acidity of the hydroxyl group in phenols is commonly intermediate between that of aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids (their pK a is usually between 10 and 12). Deprotonation of a phenol forms a corresponding negative phenolate ion or phenoxide ion , and the corresponding salts are called phenolates or phenoxides ( aryloxides according ...
Ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid)), a major component of the seed oil obtained from castor plant; Common amino acids: Serine (2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid), HOCH 2 CH(NH 2)CO 2 H; Threonine; Tyrosine, 4−HOC 6 H 4 CH 2 CH(NH 2)CO 2 H; Aldonic acids are sugar acids with the general chemical formula, HO 2 C(CHOH) n CH 2 OH.
Several other amino acids aside from proline are susceptible to hydroxylation, especially lysine, asparagine, aspartate and histidine. Lysine may be hydroxylated on its δ-C atom, forming hydroxylysine (Hyl). [9] Several endogenous proteins contain hydroxyphenylalanine and hydroxytyrosine residues.
Alpha hydroxy acids: containing a hydroxy group in the first position; examples: glyceric acid, glycolic acid and lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid) – found in sour milk, tartaric acid – found in wine Beta hydroxy acids: containing a hydroxy group in the second position Omega hydroxy acids: containing a hydroxy group beyond the first or ...
Omega hydroxy acids (ω-hydroxy acids) are a class of naturally occurring straight-chain aliphatic organic acids n carbon atoms long with a carboxyl group at position 1 (the starting point for the family of carboxylic acids), and a hydroxyl at terminal position n where n > 3. They are a subclass of hydroxycarboxylic acids.
3-Hydroxypropionic acid, a simple beta hydroxy acid. A beta hydroxy carboxylic acid or β-hydroxy carboxylic acid (BHA) is a carboxylic acid containing a hydroxy functional group separated by two carbon atoms. They are related to alpha hydroxy acids, in which the two functional groups are separated by only one carbon atom. [1]
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