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Other risk factors that are being studied include levels of various inflammatory mediators such as C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, and lipoprotein A. [49] Individuals with increased levels of homocysteine in their blood have a 2-fold risk of developing peripheral artery disease. [36]
The major risk factors and causes of peripheral vascular disease are the same as those for atherosclerosis, the same process that, if involved in the neck arteries—can cause a stroke, and if involved in the coronary arteries, can cause a myocardial infarction, or heart attack.
Raynaud’s disease is a rare peripheral vascular syndrome that narrows blood vessels, generally in the hands and feet, due to cold or stressful emotion. [8] It is recognized by the reduction of blood flow to fingers and toes with periodic spasm and results in a drastic color change to white or blue.
Risk factors include history of diabetes, coronary artery disease, tobacco use, atrial fibrillation, hypercoagulable disorders, autoimmune diseases, or diseases affecting connective tissues, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. [14] In a patient with otherwise no known risk factors, atrial fibrillation with embolism should be suspected. [14]
If the impaired vein function causes significant symptoms, such as swelling and ulcer formation, it is referred to as chronic venous disease. [3] It is sometimes called chronic peripheral venous insufficiency and should not be confused with post-thrombotic syndrome in which the deep veins have been damaged by previous deep vein thrombosis .
The so-called Virchow trias, hypercoagulability, stasis, and endothelial damage, also serve as risk factors for livedoid vasculopathy microvascular thrombosis. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The manifestation of livedoid vasculopathy on the lower extremities is thought to be caused by variations in temperature and perfusion pressure , as well as a lower ...
2024 was packed with health care innovations, from a new blood test detecting Alzheimer’s disease to deep brain stimulation reversing paralysis. Heading into the New Year, medical experts are ...
Various risk factors contribute to VTE, including genetic and environmental factors, though many with multiple risk factors never develop it. [57] [58] Acquired risk factors include the strong risk factor of older age, [5] which alters blood composition to favor clotting. [59] Previous VTE, particularly unprovoked VTE, is a strong risk factor. [60]