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Amphidiscosida (sometimes spelled Amphidiscosa) [2] [3] is an order of hexactinellids (glass sponges). The Amphidiscosida are commonly regarded as the only living sponges in the subclass Amphidiscophora. [4] [5] As the name implies, the Amphidiscosida are characterized by a special type of microsclere (microscopic spicules): amphidiscs ...
A no longer in use padded cell at the Old Melbourne Gaol in Melbourne, Australia.Photographed in 2012. A woman in a seclusion room, 1889. A padded cell or seclusion room is a controversial enclosure used in a psychiatric hospital or a special education setting in a private or public school, in which there are cushions lining the walls and sometimes has a cushioned floor as well.
Bolosoma stalked glass sponge. Hexactinellid sponges are sponges with a skeleton made of four- and/or six-pointed siliceous spicules, often referred to as glass sponges.They are usually classified along with other sponges in the phylum Porifera, but some researchers consider them sufficiently distinct to deserve their own phylum, Symplasma.
Glass sponges (Hexactinellids) have different body plans than other members of the Metazoan because the adult tissue is made up of a single giant multinucleated syncytium. This multinucleated syncytium creates the inner and outer layers of the sponge and is connected to uninucleate cellular regions by cytoplasmic bridges. [ 7 ]
A replica xylospongium (sponge on a stick) Ancient Roman latrines in Ostia Antica The xylospongium or tersorium, also known as a "sponge on a stick", was a utensil found in ancient Roman latrines, consisting of a wooden stick (Greek: ξύλον, xylon) with a sea sponge (Greek: σπόγγος, spongos) fixed at one end.
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Sponges were traditionally distributed in three classes: calcareous sponges (Calcarea), glass sponges (Hexactinellida) and demosponges (Demospongiae). However, studies have now shown that the Homoscleromorpha , a group thought to belong to the Demospongiae , has a genetic relationship well separated from other sponge classes.
Glass sponges such as Claviscopulia are found worldwide in both hard and soft substrates and in the deeper part of the sea ranging from around 200m to more than 6000m. In some cases, glass sponges live in shallower areas like the submarine caves in Mediterranean or off the coast of British Columbia.