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  2. Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonal_pyramidal...

    The nitrogen in ammonia has 5 valence electrons and bonds with three hydrogen atoms to complete the octet.This would result in the geometry of a regular tetrahedron with each bond angle equal to arccos(− ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠) ≈ 109.5°.

  3. Orbital hybridisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation

    In ethene, the two carbon atoms form a σ bond by overlapping one sp 2 orbital from each carbon atom. The π bond between the carbon atoms perpendicular to the molecular plane is formed by 2p–2p overlap. Each carbon atom forms covalent C–H bonds with two hydrogens by s–sp 2 overlap, all with 120° bond angles. The hydrogen–carbon bonds ...

  4. Molecular orbital diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram

    Two atomic orbitals in phase create a larger electron density, which leads to the σ orbital. If the two 1s orbitals are not in phase, a node between them causes a jump in energy, the σ* orbital. From the diagram you can deduce the bond order, how many bonds are formed between the two atoms. For this molecule it is equal to one.

  5. Linear molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_molecular_geometry

    Linear organic molecules, such as acetylene (HC≡CH), are often described by invoking sp orbital hybridization for their carbon centers. Two sp orbitals. According to the VSEPR model (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion model), linear geometry occurs at central atoms with two bonded atoms and zero or three lone pairs (AX 2 or AX 2 E 3) in ...

  6. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    A bond angle is the geometric angle between two adjacent bonds. Some common shapes of simple molecules include: Linear: In a linear model, atoms are connected in a straight line. The bond angles are set at 180°. For example, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide have a linear molecular shape.

  7. T-shaped molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-shaped_molecular_geometry

    The T-shaped geometry is related to the trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry for AX 5 molecules with three equatorial and two axial ligands. In an AX 3 E 2 molecule, the two lone pairs occupy two equatorial positions, and the three ligand atoms occupy the two axial positions as well as one equatorial position. The three atoms bond at 90 ...

  8. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    Bent's rule can be extended to rationalize the hybridization of nonbonding orbitals as well. On the one hand, a lone pair (an occupied nonbonding orbital) can be thought of as the limiting case of an electropositive substituent, with electron density completely polarized towards the central atom.

  9. Tetrahedral molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry

    This angle may be calculated from the dot product of the two vectors, defined as a ⋅ b = ‖ a ‖ ‖ b ‖ cos θ where ‖ a ‖ denotes the length of vector a. As shown in the diagram, the dot product here is –1 and the length of each vector is √ 3, so that cos θ = – ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠ and the tetrahedral bond angle θ = arccos ...