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[4] [5] [6] The majority of spinal cord injuries are to the cervical spine (neck, 52%), followed by the thoracic (upper back) and lumbar (lower back) spine. [4] Cervical spinal cord injuries can result in tetraplegia or paraplegia , depending on severity. [ 6 ]
Range of motion (or ROM) is the linear or angular distance that a moving object may normally travel while properly attached to another. In biomechanics and strength training , ROM refers to the angular distance and direction a joint can move between the flexed position and the extended position. [ 1 ]
Cervical headache is often precipitated by neck movement and/or sustained awkward head positioning. It is often accompanied by restricted cervical range of motion, ipsilateral neck, shoulder, or arm pain of a rather vague non-radicular nature or, occasionally, arm pain of a radicular nature.
[1] [2] However, the terms lordosis and lordotic are also used to refer to the normal inward curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the human spine. [3] [4] Similarly, kyphosis historically refers to abnormal convex curvature of the spine. The normal outward (convex) curvature in the thoracic and sacral regions is also termed kyphosis ...
Spurling's test is somewhat specific when used for individuals with an abnormal electromyogram study and is a relatively sensitive physical examination maneuver in diagnosing cervical spondylosis or acute cervical radiculopathy. It is not a very sensitive test when used for individuals without classic radicular signs suggestive of cervical ...
Normal atlanto-dental joint on projectional radiography. A widening of the atlanto-axial joint, as measured between the posterior surface of the anterior arch of atlas and the front of the odontoid process , indicates an injury to the transverse atlantal ligament. [ 6 ]
The straight leg raise is a test that can be performed during a physical examination, with the leg being lifted actively by the patient or passively by the clinician. If the straight leg raise is done actively by the patient, it is a test of functional leg strength, particularly the rectus femoris element of the quadriceps (checking both hip flexion and knee extension strength simultaneously).
There is not sufficient data to establish the safety of spinal manipulations, and the rate of adverse events is unknown. [ 18 ] [ 13 ] [ 19 ] Spinal manipulation is frequently associated with mild to moderate temporary adverse effects , and also rare serious outcomes which can result in permanent disability or death.