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A chmod command first appeared in AT&T Unix version 1, along with the chmod system call. As systems grew in number and types of users, access-control lists [3] were added to many file systems in addition to these most basic modes to increase flexibility. The version of chmod bundled in GNU coreutils was written by David MacKenzie and Jim ...
This permission must be set for executable programs, in order to allow the operating system to run them. When set for a directory, the execute permission is interpreted as the search permission: it grants the ability to access file contents and meta-information if its name is known, but not list files inside the directory, unless read is set also.
The action is carried out by specifying the statement -exec chmod 644 {} \; in the command. For every regular file whose name ends in .mp3, the command chmod 644 {} is executed replacing {} with the name of the file. The semicolon (backslashed to avoid the shell interpreting it as a command separator) indicates the end of the command.
Any user may create a sticky directory. See chmod(1) for details about modifying file modes. Historically, an executable shareable file which had the sticky bit set was not immediately discarded from swap space after execution. The kernel hoarded the text segment of the file for future reuse, thus avoiding having to reload the program.
It does this by searching for an executable or script in the directories listed in the environment variable PATH. The which command is part of most Unix-like computers. It is also part of the C Shell. [6] A which command first appeared in 3BSD. [7] Carlo Wood developed the GNU implementation used in most Linux-based operating systems. [8]
The Unix and Linux access rights flags setuid and setgid (short for set user identity and set group identity) [1] allow users to run an executable with the file system permissions of the executable's owner or group respectively and to change behaviour in directories. They are often used to allow users on a computer system to run programs with ...
read a file or list a directory's contents w: write: write to a file or directory x: execute: execute a file or recurse a directory tree X: special execute: See Symbolic modes. s: setuid/gid: See File permissions. t: sticky: See File permissions.
Take for example one line in the ls -l output: . drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jan 1 1970 home POSIX specifies [5] the format of the output for the long format (-l option). In particular, the first field (before the first space) is dubbed the "file mode string", here drwxr-xr-x.