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Over time amphibians have been found evolving to increasing internal fertilization. [citation needed] Within amphibians, it is common for high vertebrates to internally fertilize because of the transition from water to land during vertebrate evolution. There is an advantage for the amphibians who are internally fertilizing allowing for the ...
Polyandry has direct benefits for females allowing fertilization assurance, provision of resources, and parental care for their offspring. [4] House mice ( Mus musculus musculus ) have shown indirect, genetic benefits, where females have increased offspring survival through multiple mating, showing that practicing polyandry mating results in an ...
[citation needed] Internal fertilization with many vertebrates (such as all reptiles, some fish, and most birds) occurs via cloacal copulation, known as cloacal kiss (see also hemipenis), while most mammals copulate vaginally, and many basal vertebrates reproduce sexually with external fertilization. [3] [4]
Oviparity occurs in all birds, most reptiles, some fishes, and most arthropods. Among mammals , monotremes (four species of echidna , and the platypus ) are uniquely oviparous. In all but special cases of both ovuliparity and oviparity, the overwhelming source of nourishment for the embryo is the nutrients stored in the yolk, pre-deposited in ...
External fertilization is a mode of reproduction in which a male organism's sperm fertilizes a female organism's egg outside of the female's body. [1] It is contrasted with internal fertilization , in which sperm are introduced via insemination and then combine with an egg inside the body of a female organism.
Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in some plants, algae, invertebrate animal species (including nematodes, some tardigrades, water fleas, some scorpions, aphids, some mites, some bees, some Phasmatodea, and parasitic wasps), and a few vertebrates, such as some fish, amphibians, and reptiles. This type of reproduction has been induced ...
Biology of the Reptilia is an online copy of the full text of a 22-volume 13,000-page summary of the state of research of reptiles. HerpMapper is a database of reptile and amphibian sightings; Amphibian and Reptile Atlas of Peninsular California, San Diego Natural History Museum; A Primer on Reptiles and Amphibians; Field Herp Forum
The ZW sex-determination system is a chromosomal system that determines the sex of offspring in birds, some fish and crustaceans such as the giant river prawn, some insects (including butterflies and moths), the schistosome family of flatworms, and some reptiles, e.g. majority of snakes, lacertid lizards and monitors, including Komodo dragons.