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Every well-ordered set is order-equivalent to exactly one ordinal number, by definition. The ordinal numbers are taken to be the canonical representatives of their classes, and so the order type of a well-ordered set is usually identified with the corresponding ordinal. Order types thus often take the form of arithmetic expressions of ordinals.
In order theory and model theory, branches of mathematics, Cantor's isomorphism theorem states that every two countable dense unbounded linear orders are order-isomorphic.For instance, Minkowski's question-mark function produces an isomorphism (a one-to-one order-preserving correspondence) between the numerical ordering of the rational numbers and the numerical ordering of the dyadic rationals.
In mathematics, "rational" is often used as a noun abbreviating "rational number". The adjective rational sometimes means that the coefficients are rational numbers. For example, a rational point is a point with rational coordinates (i.e., a point whose coordinates are rational numbers); a rational matrix is a matrix of rational numbers; a rational polynomial may be a polynomial with rational ...
In number theory, the Calkin–Wilf tree is a tree in which the vertices correspond one-to-one to the positive rational numbers.The tree is rooted at the number 1, and any rational number q expressed in simplest terms as the fraction a / b has as its two children the numbers 1 / 1+1/q = a / a + b and q + 1 = a + b / b .
Farey sequences are very useful to find rational approximations of irrational numbers. [15] For example, the construction by Eliahou [ 16 ] of a lower bound on the length of non-trivial cycles in the 3 x +1 process uses Farey sequences to calculate a continued fraction expansion of the number log 2 (3) .
The rational numbers form an initial totally ordered set which is dense in the real numbers. Moreover, the reflexive reduction < is a dense order on the rational numbers. The real numbers form an initial unbounded totally ordered set that is connected in the order topology (defined below). Ordered fields are totally ordered by definition. They ...
The rational numbers as a linearly ordered set are a densely ordered set in this sense, as are the algebraic numbers, the real numbers, the dyadic rationals and the decimal fractions. In fact, every Archimedean ordered ring extension of the integers Z [ x ] {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} [x]} is a densely ordered set.
The first problem was to know how well a real number can be approximated by rational numbers. For this problem, a rational number p/q is a "good" approximation of a real number α if the absolute value of the difference between p/q and α may not decrease if p/q is replaced by another
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