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Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound with the formula NH 4 NO 3. It is a white crystalline salt consisting of ions of ammonium and nitrate . It is highly soluble in water and hygroscopic as a solid, although it does not form hydrates .
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium is a two step process, reducing NO 3 − to NO 2 − then NO 2 − to NH 4 +, though the reaction may begin with NO 2 − directly. [1] Each step is mediated by a different enzyme, the first step of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium is usually mediated by a periplasmic nitrate reductase.
It is a positively charged molecular ion with the chemical formula NH + 4 or [NH 4] +. It is formed by the addition of a proton (a hydrogen nucleus) to ammonia ( NH 3 ). Ammonium is also a general name for positively charged (protonated) substituted amines and quaternary ammonium cations ( [NR 4 ] + ), where one or more hydrogen atoms are ...
In the NO − 3 anion, the oxidation state of the central nitrogen atom is V (+5). This corresponds to the highest possible oxidation number of nitrogen. Nitrate is a potentially powerful oxidizer as evidenced by its explosive behaviour at high temperature when it is detonated in ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3), or black powder, ignited by the shock wave of a primary explosive.
The conversion of ammonium to nitrate is performed primarily by soil-living bacteria and other nitrifying bacteria. In the primary stage of nitrification, the oxidation of ammonium ( NH + 4 ) is performed by bacteria such as the Nitrosomonas species, which converts ammonia to nitrites ( NO − 2 ).
Direct reduction from nitrate to ammonium, a process known as dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium or DNRA, [6] is also possible for organisms that have the nrf-gene. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] This is less common than denitrification in most ecosystems as a means of nitrate reduction.
The first step is the partial nitrification (nitritation) of half of the ammonium to nitrite by ammonia oxidizing bacteria: 2 NH + 4 + 3 O 2 → 2 NO − 2 + 4 H + + 2 H 2 O. The remaining half of the ammonium and the newly formed nitrite are converted in the anammox process to diatomic nitrogen gas and ~15 % nitrate (not shown) by anammox ...
Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH 4) 2 [Ce(NO 3) 6]. This orange-red, water-soluble cerium salt is a specialised oxidizing agent in organic synthesis and a standard oxidant in quantitative analysis .