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Tensile testing, also known as tension testing, [1] is a fundamental materials science and engineering test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength , breaking strength , maximum elongation and reduction in area. [ 2 ]
Schematic and dimensions of a compact tension specimen. A compact tension specimen ( CT ) is a type of standard notched specimen in accordance with ASTM [ 1 ] and ISO [ 2 ] standards. Compact tension specimens are used extensively in the area of fracture mechanics and corrosion testing, in order to establish fracture toughness and fatigue crack ...
A biaxial tensile test generally allows the assessment of the mechanical properties [7] and a complete characterization for uncompressible isotropic materials, which can be obtained through a fewer number of specimens with respect to uniaxial tensile tests. [8]
BS 18 Forms of Tensile Test Pieces; BS 19 Report on Temperature Experiments on Field Coils of Electrical Machines; BS 20 Report on BS Screw Threads; BS 21 Report on Pipe Threads for Iron or Steel Pipes and Tubes; BS 22 Report on Effect of Temperature on Insulating Materials; BS 23 Standards for Trolley Groove and Wire,
The test method for conducting the test usually involves a specified test fixture on a universal testing machine. Details of the test preparation, conditioning, and conduct affect the test results. The sample is placed on two supporting pins a set distance apart. Calculation of the flexural stress
Nevertheless, this strain is a meaningful indication of the “ductility” of the metal – more so than the commonly-used “nominal strain at fracture”, which depends on the aspect ratio of the gauge length of the tensile test-piece [3] – see the article on ductility.
Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are the ultimate tensile strength, maximum elongation and reduction in cross-section area. From these measurements, properties such as Young's modulus , Poisson's ratio , yield strength , and the strain-hardening characteristics of the sample can be determined.
The maximum stress criterion assumes that a material fails when the maximum principal stress in a material element exceeds the uniaxial tensile strength of the material. Alternatively, the material will fail if the minimum principal stress σ 3 {\displaystyle \sigma _{3}} is less than the uniaxial compressive strength of the material.