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  2. Williamson tradeoff model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_tradeoff_model

    The Williamson tradeoff model is a theoretical model in the economics of industrial organization which emphasizes the tradeoff associated with horizontal mergers between gains resulting from lower costs of production and the losses associated with higher prices due to greater degree of monopoly power.

  3. Trade-off - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade-off

    In economics a trade-off is expressed in terms of the opportunity cost of a particular choice, which is the loss of the most preferred alternative given up. [2] A tradeoff, then, involves a sacrifice that must be made to obtain a certain product, service, or experience, rather than others that could be made or obtained using the same required resources.

  4. Guns versus butter model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_versus_butter_model

    Researchers in political economy have viewed the trade-off between military and consumer spending as a useful predictor of election success. [1] In this example, a nation has to choose between two options when spending its finite resources. It may buy either guns (invest in defense/military) or butter (invest in production of goods), or a ...

  5. Cost-effectiveness analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-effectiveness_analysis

    A 1995 study of the cost-effectiveness of reviewed over 500 life-saving interventions found that the median cost-effectiveness was $42,000 per life-year saved. [7] A 2006 systematic review found that industry-funded studies often concluded with cost-effective ratios below $20,000 per QALY and low quality studies and those conducted outside the ...

  6. Tradespace - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradespace

    The term, Tradespace, is a combination of the words "trade-off" and "playspace", where "trade-off" indicates the method of traversing the Tradespace in search of the optimal boundary space (e.g., trading off a cost in one cost center (variant A) for a cost in another cost center (variant B)).

  7. Multi-objective optimization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-objective_optimization

    For example, energy systems typically have a trade-off between performance and cost [5] [6] or one might want to adjust a rocket's fuel usage and orientation so that it arrives both at a specified place and at a specified time; or one might want to conduct open market operations so that both the inflation rate and the unemployment rate are as ...

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  9. Cost–utility analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost–utility_analysis

    The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) is the ratio between the difference in costs and the difference in benefits of two interventions. The ICER may be stated as (C1 – C0)/(E1 – E0) in a simple example where C0 and E0 represent the cost and gain, respectively, from taking no health intervention action.