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  2. Seabed - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabed

    Biogenous material is the sediment made up of the hard parts of sea creatures, mainly phytoplankton, that accumulate on the bottom of the ocean. Hydrogenous sediment is material that precipitates in the ocean when oceanic conditions change, or material created in hydrothermal vent systems. Cosmogenous sediment comes from extraterrestrial ...

  3. Oceanic trench - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_trench

    These are mostly located around the Pacific Ocean, but are also found in the eastern Indian Ocean, with a few shorter convergent margin segments in other parts of the Indian Ocean, in the Atlantic Ocean, and in the Mediterranean. [2] They are found on the oceanward side of island arcs and Andean-type orogens. [3]

  4. Mariana Trench - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Trench

    The islands are part of the island arc that is formed on an over-riding plate, called the Mariana plate (also named for the islands), on the western side of the trench. Geology The Pacific plate is subducted beneath the Mariana plate, creating the Mariana trench, and (further on) the arc of the Mariana Islands, as water trapped in the plate is ...

  5. Hadal zone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadal_zone

    The hadal zone, also known as the hadopelagic zone, is the deepest region of the ocean, lying within oceanic trenches.The hadal zone ranges from around 6 to 11 km (3.7 to 6.8 mi; 20,000 to 36,000 ft) below sea level, and exists in long, narrow, topographic V-shaped depressions.

  6. Bottom water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_water

    Antarctic Bottom Water is the most dominant source of bottom water in southern parts of the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and North Atlantic Ocean. Antarctic Bottom Water sits underneath the North Atlantic Deep Water due to its colder temperature and higher density. Salinity can be used to compare the movement between fresh Antarctic Bottom ...

  7. Challenger Deep - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_Deep

    Sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the DSSV Pressure Drop employing a Kongsberg SIMRAD EM124 multibeam echosounder system (26 April – 4 May 2019). The Challenger Deep is a relatively small slot-shaped depression in the bottom of a considerably larger crescent-shaped oceanic trench, which itself is an unusually deep feature in the ocean floor.

  8. Pelagic zone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_zone

    The pelagic zone can be thought of as an imaginary cylinder or water column between the surface of the sea and the bottom. ... This is the deepest part of the ocean ...

  9. Ocean - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean

    In all parts of the ocean, deep ocean temperatures range between −2 °C (28 °F) and 5 °C (41 °F). [14] Constant circulation of water in the ocean creates ocean currents. Those currents are caused by forces operating on the water, such as temperature and salinity differences, atmospheric circulation (wind), and the Coriolis effect. [15]