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The 1978 World Health Organization (WHO) declaration at Alma-Ata was the first formal acknowledgment of the importance of intersectoral action for health. [5] The spirit of Alma-Ata was carried forward in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (adopted in Ottawa in 1986), which discussed "healthy public policies" as a key area for health promotion.
The Director of the Health Disparities Group, Vence L. Bonham Jr., leads a team that seeks to qualify and better understand the disparities and reduce the gap in access to genetic counseling, inclusion of minority communities in original research, and access to genetic information to improve health. [220]
While medical care and genetics play significant roles, a person’s health outcomes are also profoundly shaped by their social, economic, and environmental conditions. Understanding these determinants is imperative for devising effective strategies to address health disparities and promote equitable access to healthcare.
These are "health outcomes, patterns of health determinants, and policies and interventions". [1] A priority considered important in achieving the aim of population health is to reduce health inequities or disparities among different population groups due to, among other factors, the social determinants of health (SDOH).
The National Health Interview Survey indicated that in 1998, 16% of rural adults reported poor health. [67] Poor rural residents have only 21% Medicaid coverage, while poor urban populations report 30% coverage. [67] Demographic and socioeconomic factors vary between rural and urban areas, which contributes to some health disparities. [67]
The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." [1] Identified by the 2012 World Development Report as one of two key human capital endowments, health can influence an individual's ability to reach his or her full potential in society. [2]
As the Surgeon General notes, we all have a role in eliminating tobacco-related health disparities. Dr. Murthy advised the following: Addressing the factors that influence tobacco-related disparities.
Healthy People is a program of a nationwide health-promotion and disease-prevention goals set by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.The goals were first set in 1979 "in response to an emerging consensus among scientists and health authorities that national health priorities should emphasize disease prevention".