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Celecoxib, sold under the brand name Celebrex among others, is a COX-2 inhibitor and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). [7] It is used to treat the pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, acute pain in adults, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, painful menstruation, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. [7]
comphrey, blackwort, common comfrey, slippery root [4] Symphytum officinale: Liver damage, [4] [5] cancer [4] Country mallow: heartleaf, silky white mallow Sida cordifolia "Heart attack, heart arrhythmia, stroke, death" [4] Dan Shen red sage, Chinese sage, tan shen Salvia miltiorrhiza
Marshmallow roots. The leaves, flowers and the root of A. officinalis (marshmallow) have been used in traditional herbal medicine. This use is reflected in the name of the genus, which comes from the Greek ἀλθαίνειν (althainein), meaning "to heal".
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The VIGOR trial results were published in 2000 in the New England Journal of Medicine [47] Bombardier and her research team claimed that there was "an increase in myocardial infarction in the patients given rofecoxib (0.4%) compared with those given naproxen (0.1%)" and "patients given naproxen experienced 121 side effects compared with 56 in ...
These NSAIDs, while reducing inflammation, also inhibit platelet aggregation and increase the risk of gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeds. [11] COX-2 selective inhibitors have fewer gastrointestinal side effects, but promote thrombosis, and some of these agents substantially increase the risk of heart attack.
[5] [6] It took less than eight years to develop and market the first COX-2 inhibitor, with Celebrex launched in December 1998 and Vioxx launched in May 1999. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Celecoxib and other COX-2 selective inhibitors, valdecoxib , parecoxib , and mavacoxib , were discovered by a team at the Searle division of Monsanto led by John Talley .
The therapeutic recommended dosages were 12.5, 25, and 50 mg with an approximate bioavailability of 93%. [12] [13] [14] Rofecoxib crossed the placenta and blood–brain barrier, [12] [13] [15] and took 1–3 hours to reach peak plasma concentration with an effective half-life (based on steady-state levels) around 17 hours.