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Niobium is employed in the atomic energy industry for its high temperature and corrosion resistance, as well as its stability under radiation. [127] It is used in nuclear reactors for components like fuel rods and reactor cores. [128] [129]
Nb-Hf-Ti is an alloy powder consisting of niobium (Nb), hafnium (Hf), and a small amount of titanium (Ti) provides high strength, ductility, high-temperature stability, and remarkable corrosion resistance. [7] It is used in manufacturing biocompatible implants and devices such as orthopedic implants and dental prosthetics. [8]
Niobium carbide (Nb C and Nb 2 C) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools. It is usually processed by sintering and is a frequent additive as grain growth inhibitor in cemented carbides. It has the appearance of a brown-gray metallic powder with purple lustre. It is highly corrosion ...
Cr is necessary for oxidation and corrosion resistance; it forms a protective oxide Cr 2 O 3. Al 0.5-6% Al is the main γ' former. It also forms a protective oxide Al 2 O 3, which provides oxidation resistance at higher temperature than Cr 2 O 3. Ti 1-4% Ti forms γ'. C 0.05-0.2%
Alloy 20 is an austenitic stainless steel containing less than 50% iron developed for applications involving sulfuric acid.Its corrosion resistance also finds other uses in the chemical, petrochemical, power generation, and plastics industries.
Small amounts of niobium are added to stainless steel to improve its quality. Niobium alloys are also used in rocket nozzles because of niobium's high corrosion resistance. [19] Tantalum has four main types of applications.
N.B. Pilling and R.E. Bedworth [2] suggested in 1923 that metals can be classed into two categories: those that form protective oxides, and those that cannot. They ascribed the protectiveness of the oxide to the volume the oxide takes in comparison to the volume of the metal used to produce this oxide in a corrosion process in dry air.
Niobium can be found in aircraft gas turbines, vacuum tubes and nuclear reactors. An alloy used for liquid rocket thruster nozzles, such as in the main engine of the Apollo Lunar Modules, is C103, which consists of 89% niobium, 10% hafnium and 1% titanium. [27] Another niobium alloy was used for the nozzle of the Apollo Service Module. As ...