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Higher-order thinking, also known as higher order thinking skills (HOTS), [1] is a concept applied in relation to education reform and based on learning taxonomies (such as American psychologist Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy). The idea is that some types of learning require more cognitive processing than others, but also have more generalized benefits.
The basis of "higher-level" cognitive functions such as inhibition, flexibility of thinking, problem solving, planning, impulse control, concept formation, abstract thinking, and creativity often arise from much simpler, "lower-level" forms of cognition and behavior.
[8] [9] These educators view content as a vessel for teaching skills. The emphasis on higher-order thinking inherent in such philosophies is based on the top levels of the taxonomy including application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
Plus, three tips for becoming a high-level thinker in your own right. 13 Phrases People With High-Level Thinking Often Say, According to Psychologists Skip to main content
This higher-level cognition was given the label metacognition by American developmental psychologist John H. Flavell (1976). [9]The term metacognition literally means 'above cognition', and is used to indicate cognition about cognition, or more informally, thinking about thinking.
The skills and competencies considered "21st century skills" share common themes, based on the premise that effective learning, or deeper learning, requires a set of student educational outcomes that include acquisition of robust core academic content, higher-order thinking skills, and learning dispositions.
Cognitive skills [a] are skills of the mind, as opposed to other types of skills such as motor skills or social skills. Some examples of cognitive skills are literacy , self-reflection , logical reasoning , abstract thinking , critical thinking , introspection and mental arithmetic .
In its basic form, level-k theory implies that each player believes that they are the most sophisticated person in the game. Players at some level k will neglect the fact that other players could also be level-k, or even higher. This has been attributed to many factors, such as "maintenance costs" or simply overconfidence. [5]