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Higher-order thinking, also known as higher order thinking skills (HOTS), [1] is a concept applied in relation to education reform and based on learning taxonomies (such as American psychologist Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy). The idea is that some types of learning require more cognitive processing than others, but also have more generalized benefits.
The basis of "higher-level" cognitive functions such as inhibition, flexibility of thinking, problem solving, planning, impulse control, concept formation, abstract thinking, and creativity often arise from much simpler, "lower-level" forms of cognition and behavior.
People with high-level thinking skills are willing to give even the seemingly best ideas a second (or third and fourth) thought before proceeding, partly because of their empathy toward others.
[8] [9] These educators view content as a vessel for teaching skills. The emphasis on higher-order thinking inherent in such philosophies is based on the top levels of the taxonomy including application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
This higher-level cognition was given the label metacognition by American developmental psychologist John H. Flavell (1976). [9]The term metacognition literally means 'above cognition', and is used to indicate cognition about cognition, or more informally, thinking about thinking.
The research findings demonstrated the following improved student outcomes: students attending deeper learning network schools benefited from greater opportunities to engage in deeper learning and reported higher levels of academic engagement, motivation to learn, self-efficacy, and collaboration skills; students had higher state standardized ...
Cognitive skills [a] are skills of the mind, as opposed to other types of skills such as motor skills or social skills. Some examples of cognitive skills are literacy , self-reflection , logical reasoning , abstract thinking , critical thinking , introspection and mental arithmetic .
The skills and competencies considered "21st century skills" share common themes, based on the premise that effective learning, or deeper learning, requires a set of student educational outcomes that include acquisition of robust core academic content, higher-order thinking skills, and learning dispositions.