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Wim Duisenberg, first President of the ECB. The European Central Bank is the de facto successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). [7] The EMI was established at the start of the second stage of the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to handle the transitional issues of states adopting the euro and prepare for the creation of the ECB and European System of Central Banks (ESCB). [7]
The seat of the European Central Bank is situated in Frankfurt, Germany. [6] Its premises comprise a twin-tower skyscraper and the city's former Wholesale Market Hall (Großmarkthalle), with a low-rise building connecting the two. It was completed in 2014 and was officially opened on 18 March 2015.
The European Central Bank's (ECB) seat had to symbolise its independence from political control, and was located in a city which did not already host a national government or European institution. [5] Some new agencies have also been based in eastern Europe since 2004 to balance their distribution across the EU. [6]
On 4 November 2014 the European Central Bank formally took supervisory control over the biggest banks in Europe, including those in Ireland. While banking supervision staff in the Central Bank of Ireland remained, a pan-European approach to how banks were supervised was introduced, known as European Banking Supervision .
The ESCB is composed of the European Central Bank and the national central banks of all 27 member states of the EU. The first section of the following list lists member states and their central banks that form the Eurosystem (plus the ECB), which set eurozone monetary policy.
Country Currency Central bank Pegged with Austria Euro: Oesterreichische Nationalbank: float Belgium National Bank of Belgium Croatia Croatian National Bank Cyprus Central Bank of Cyprus
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The European Central Bank (ECB) may also ask the bank to perform extra tasks. The first two tasks – also known as the ESCB tasks – ensue entirely from the Maastricht Treaty. Decisions in these areas are taken at the European level by the ECB Governing Council, on which the president of the Nederlandsche Bank has a seat.