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Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the force resisting the motion when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface. It is mainly caused by non-elastic effects; that is, not all the energy needed for deformation (or movement) of the wheel, roadbed, etc., is recovered when the pressure is removed.
SAE J1269 and SAE J2452 performed on new tires. SAE J2452 is a standard defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers [1] to measure the rolling resistance of tires. [2] Where the older standard, SAE J1269, produces measurements of rolling resistance under steady-state (i.e. thermally equilibrated) operating conditions, SAE J2452 produces measurements during a transient history of speed that ...
The rolling resistance coefficient (RRC) indicates the amount of force required to overcome the hysteresis of the material as the tire rolls. Tire pressure, vehicle weight and velocity all play a role in how much force is lost to rolling resistance. The basic model equation for SAE J2452 is: Rolling Resistance (N / lbs) = (+ +) where: is the ...
For example, in the USSR, the standard formula is Wr (curve resistance in parts per thousand or kgf/tonne) = 700/R where R is the radius of the curve in meters. Other countries often use the same formula, but with a different numerator-constant. For example, the US used 446/R, Italy 800/R, England 600/R, China 573/R, etc.
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A drawback of the well-founded variational approaches is their large computation times. Therefore, many different approximate approaches were devised as well. Several well-known approximate theories for the rolling contact problem are Kalker’s FASTSIM approach, the Shen-Hedrick-Elkins formula, and Polach’s approach.
Where the planar second moment of area describes an object's resistance to deflection when subjected to a force applied to a plane parallel to the central axis, the polar second moment of area describes an object's resistance to deflection when subjected to a moment applied in a plane perpendicular to the object's central axis (i.e. parallel to ...
Replacing a portion of carbohydrates with protein and fat may help improve cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes, a new study indicates.