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The gastrointestinal wall is composed of four layers surrounding a central lumen. Gastrointestinal perforation is defined by a full-thickness injury to all layers of the gastrointestinal wall, resulting in a hole in the hollow GI tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, or large intestine). A hole can occur due to direct mechanical injury or ...
Perforated ulcer; Other names: Ruptured ulcer: Endoscopic image of a posterior wall duodenal ulcer with a clean base, which is a common cause of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and could potentially lead to perforation. Specialty: Gastroenterology Symptoms: Abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea: Complications: Bowel perforation, sepsis ...
Risk factors: Chronic bowel disease: Prognosis: Fatal without treatment: Toxic megacolon is an acute form of colonic distension. [2] ... Perforation of the colon [3 ...
Elevations in fecal calprotectin correlate with the extent of intestinal inflammation. [2] Computed tomography (CT) imaging may show evidence of colitis, though the sensitivity is relatively low (50%). [1] Free air in the peritoneum indicates bowel perforation. [1] Abdominal imaging may be necessary to rule out toxic megacolon or perforation. [1]
Causes include perforation of the intestinal tract, pancreatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, stomach ulcer, cirrhosis, a ruptured appendix or even a perforated gallbladder. [3] Risk factors include ascites (the abnormal build-up of fluid in the abdomen) and peritoneal dialysis. [4]
It often results in a small bowel obstruction. [1] Other complications may include peritonitis or bowel perforation. [1] The cause in children is typically unknown; in adults a lead point is sometimes present. [1] Risk factors in children include certain infections, diseases like cystic fibrosis, and intestinal polyps. [1]
Stercoral perforation [1] is the perforation or rupture of the intestine's walls by its internal contents, such as hardened feces or foreign objects. Hardened stools may form in prolonged constipation or other diseases which cause obstruction of transit, such as Chagas disease, Hirschprung's disease, toxic colitis, hypercalcemia, and megacolon.
Those with severe ischemia who develop complications such as sepsis, intestinal gangrene, or bowel perforation may require more aggressive interventions, such as surgery and intensive care. Most patients make a full recovery; occasionally, after severe ischemia, patients may develop long-term complications such as a stricture [ 49 ] or chronic ...