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East European Craton, the core of Baltica. Volgo-Uralian Craton, Russia (3.0–2.7 Ga) Baltic Shield, part of the East European Craton; Fennoscandian Shield, the exposed Northwestern part of the Baltic Shield in Norway, Sweden and Finland (3.1 Ga) Karelian Craton, part of the Fennoscandian Shield in Southeast Finland and Karelia Russia, (3.4 Ga)
Cambrian blue clay outcrop at beach of Gulf of Finland in Voka Estonia is part of the East European Craton , with an average continental crust thickness between 40 and 64 kilometers. The crust consolidated during the Svecofennian Orogeny in the late Paleoproterozoic , nearly two billion years ago.
A craton (/ ˈ k r eɪ t ɒ n / KRAYT-on, / ˈ k r æ t ɒ n / KRAT-on, or / ˈ k r eɪ t ən / KRAY-tən; [1] [2] [3] from Ancient Greek: κράτος kratos "strength") is an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere, which consists of Earth's two topmost layers, the crust and the uppermost mantle.
Pannotia super-continent c. 570 Ma. The Saharan Metacraton is a large area of continental crust in the north-central part of Africa.Whereas a craton is an old and stable part of the lithosphere, the term "metacraton" is used to describe a craton that has been remobilized during an orogenic event, but where the characteristics of the original craton are still identifiable.
The upper chert member, which is the uppermost member of the Dresser Formation, consists of centimeter-layered white-and-blue to black layered chert. It lacks the heterogeneity of the underlying North Pole chert, remains the same relative thickness along strike, and is not offset by the growth faults that affect the underlying members.
The north-western part of the zone was created by the collision of Avalonia and Baltica/East European Craton in the Late Ordovician. The south-eastern part of the zone, now largely concealed by deep sedimentary basins, developed through Variscan and Alpine orogenic events. Various branches of the TESZ go under different names:
The Pilbara Craton is an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The Pilbara Craton is one of only two pristine Archaean 3.8–2.7 Ga (billion years ago) crusts identified on the Earth, along with the Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa.
The rocks became a craton, a section of stable continental crust by the end of the Trans-amazonian orogeny 1.8 billion years ago. [1] The Borborema Province is beneath areas in the northeast, with Paleoproterozoic craton basement rock originally assembled around even older Archean rocks. It includes three zones.