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Data from 1971 to 1991–92 are based on official exchange rates. Data from 1992 to 1993 onward are based on FEDAI (Foreign Exchange Dealers' Association of India) indicative rates. Data from 1971 to 1972–73 for the Deutsche Mark and the Japanese Yen are cross rates with the US Dollar. The Euro replaced the Deutsche Mark w.e.f. January 1, 1999.
The Nixon shock was the effect of a series of economic measures, including wage and price freezes, surcharges on imports, and the unilateral cancellation of the direct international convertibility of the United States dollar to gold, taken by United States President Richard Nixon on 15th August 1971 in response to increasing inflation. [1] [2]
De Facto Classification of Exchange Rate Arrangements, as of April 30, 2021, and Monetary Policy Frameworks [2] Exchange rate arrangement (Number of countries) Exchange rate anchor Monetary aggregate target (25) Inflation Targeting framework (45) Others (43) US Dollar (37) Euro (28) Composite (8) Other (9) No separate legal tender (16) Ecuador ...
In 1966, the Indian rupee was devaluated by 57% against United States dollar, which also led to the depreciation of the sterling. [96] Five years later, when the Bretton Woods system was suspended, India initially announced that it will maintain a fixed rate of $1 to INR 7.50 and leave the sterling under a floating regime. [97]
Currency substitution is the use of a foreign currency in parallel to or instead of a domestic currency. [1]Currency substitution can be full or partial. Full currency substitution can occur after a major economic crisis, such as in Ecuador, El Salvador, and Zimbabwe.
In the Bretton Woods system put in place in 1944, U.S. dollars were convertible to gold between countries. In France, it was called "America's exorbitant privilege" [2] as it resulted in an "asymmetric financial system" where foreigners "see themselves supporting American living standards and subsidizing American multinationals".
The report also says from 2014 to 2024, the average menu prices for fast-food increased between 39% and 100%. The data suggest the hike in menu prices are due to inflation.
The exchange rate is also regarded as the value of one country's currency in relation to another currency. [3] For example, an interbank exchange rate of 141 Japanese yen to the United States dollar means that ¥141 will be exchanged for US$1 or that US$1 will be exchanged for ¥141. In this case it is said that the price of a dollar in ...