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Robertson claims that the term holacracy is derived from the term holarchy; the latter was coined by Arthur Koestler in his 1967 book The Ghost in the Machine. [ 8 ] Koestler wrote that a holarchy is composed of holons (Greek: ὅλον, holon neuter form of ὅλος, holos "whole") or units that are autonomous and self-reliant, but also ...
The term holon was coined by Arthur Koestler in The Ghost in the Machine (1967), though Koestler first articulated the concept in The Act of Creation (1964), in which he refers to the relationship between the searches for subjective and objective knowledge: Einstein's space is no closer to reality than Van Gogh's sky.
Arthur Koestler CBE (UK: / ˈ k ɜː s t l ər /, US: / ˈ k ɛ s t-/; German:; Hungarian: Kösztler Artúr; 5 September 1905 – 1 March 1983) was an Austro-Hungarian-born author and journalist. Koestler was born in Budapest , and was educated in Austria, apart from his early school years.
According to Koestler, the great cosmological systems, from Ptolemy to Copernicus, have always reflected the metaphysical and psychological prejudices of their authors. Furthermore, it would be wrong to think of the evolution of scientific progress as if it moved in a purely rational way on an ascending vertical line.
Koestler's contribution appeared on 2 October 1969. Sins of Omission: While Six Million Died by Arthur D. More. Reviewed in the Observer, 7 April 1968. The Future if any: The Biological Time-Bomb by Gordon Rattray Taylor. Reviewed in the Observer, 21 April 1968. Going Down the Drain : The Doomsday Book by Gordon Rattray Taylor.
Written during the middle of World War II, Arrival and Departure reflects Koestler's own plight as a Hungarian refugee. Like Koestler, the main character, Peter Slavek, is a former member of the Communist party. [2] He escapes to "Neutralia," a neutral country based on Portugal, where Koestler himself had gone, and flees from there.
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The God That Failed is a 1949 collection of six essays by Louis Fischer, André Gide, Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, Stephen Spender, and Richard Wright. [1] The common theme of the essays is the authors' disillusionment with and abandonment of communism .