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  2. Fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

    A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument [1] [2] that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The term was introduced in the Western intellectual tradition by the Aristotelian De Sophisticis Elenchis. [3]

  3. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Double counting – counting events or occurrences more than once in probabilistic reasoning, which leads to the sum of the probabilities of all cases exceeding unity. Equivocation – using a term with more than one meaning in a statement without specifying which meaning is intended. [21]

  4. Equivocation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivocation

    Equivocation in a syllogism (a chain of reasoning) produces a fallacy of four terms (quaternio terminorum). Below is an example: Since only man [human] is rational. And no woman is a man [male]. Therefore, no woman is rational. [1] The first instance of "man" implies the entire human species, while the second implies just those who are male.

  5. Cognitive bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias

    A majority chose answer (b). Independent of the information given about Linda, though, the more restrictive answer (b) is under any circumstance statistically less likely than answer (a). This is an example of the " conjunction fallacy ".

  6. Begging the question - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging_the_question

    However, circular reasoning is not persuasive because a listener who doubts the conclusion also doubts the premise that leads to it. [ 23 ] Begging the question is similar to the complex question (also known as trick question or fallacy of many questions ): a question that, to be valid, requires the truth of another question that has not been ...

  7. Outline of logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_logic

    Logic is the formal science of using reason and is considered a branch of both philosophy and mathematics and to a lesser extent computer science.Logic investigates and classifies the structure of statements and arguments, both through the study of formal systems of inference and the study of arguments in natural language.

  8. NYT ‘Connections’ Hints and Answers Today, Sunday ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/nyt-connections-hints-answers-today...

    Get ready for all of today's NYT 'Connections’ hints and answers for #553 on Sunday, December 15, 2024. Today's NYT Connections puzzle for Sunday, December 15, 2024 The New York Times

  9. Fallacies of definition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacies_of_definition

    Fallacies of definition are the various ways in which definitions can fail to explain terms. The phrase is used to suggest an analogy with an informal fallacy. [1] Definitions may fail to have merit, because they are overly broad, [2] [3] [4] overly narrow, [3] [4] or incomprehensible; [4] or they use obscure or ambiguous language, [2] contain mutually exclusive parts, [3] or (perhaps most ...