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  2. Geodetic coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_coordinates

    Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude have different definitions. Geodetic latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the surface normal at a point on the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and a radial line connecting the centre of the ellipsoid to a point on the surface (see figure).

  3. Longitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude

    The principle is straightforward, but in practice finding a reliable method of determining longitude took centuries and required the effort of some of the greatest scientific minds. A location's north–south position along a meridian is given by its latitude , which is approximately the angle between the equatorial plane and the normal from ...

  4. Geographic coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system

    A geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude. [1] It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used type of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others.

  5. ISO 6709 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_6709

    Coordinate values (latitude, longitude, and altitude) should be delimited by spaces. The decimal point is a part of the value, thus must usually be configured by the operating system. [a] Multiple locations should be represented by multiple lines. Latitude and longitude should be displayed by sexagesimal fractions (i.e. minutes and seconds).

  6. Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-centered,_Earth...

    The reverse conversion is harder: given X-Y-Z can immediately get longitude, but no closed formula for latitude and height exists. See "Geodetic system." Using Bowring's formula in 1976 Survey Review the first iteration gives latitude correct within 10-11 degree as long as the point is within 10,000 meters above or 5,000 meters below the ellipsoid.

  7. Latitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude

    The graticule shows the latitude and longitude of points on the surface. In this example meridians are spaced at 6° intervals and parallels at 4° intervals. In geography, latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body.

  8. Geodesics on an ellipsoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics_on_an_ellipsoid

    It is possible to reduce the various geodesic problems into one of two types. Consider two points: A at latitude φ 1 and longitude λ 1 and B at latitude φ 2 and longitude λ 2 (see Fig. 1). The connecting geodesic (from A to B) is AB, of length s 12, which has azimuths α 1 and α 2 at the two endpoints. [1]

  9. World Geographic Reference System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_geographic_reference...

    The first level of GEOREF divides the world into quadrangles each measuring 15 degrees of longitude by 15 degrees of latitude; this results in 24 zones of longitude and 12 bands of latitude. A longitude zone is identified by a letter from A to Z (omitting I and O) starting at 180 degrees and progressing eastward through the full 360 degrees of ...