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Caffenol is a photographic alternative process whereby phenols, sodium carbonate and optionally vitamin C are used in aqueous solution as a film and print photographic developer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Other basic (as opposed to acidic ) chemicals can be used in place of sodium carbonate; however, sodium carbonate is the most common.
Initial experiments on Caffenol were performed in 1995 at the Rochester Institute of Technology; [15] addition of ascorbic acid began around 2000, yielding the improved Caffenol-C, which is less likely to stain negatives than the original formulation. Experiments have shown that cheaper, less desirable brands of coffee work better for this ...
James Young was born in Shuttle Street in the Drygate area of Glasgow, [1] the son of John Young, a cabinetmaker and joiner, and his wife Jean Wilson.. He became his father's apprentice at an early age, but educated himself at night school, attending evening classes in Chemistry at the nearby Anderson's College (now Strathclyde University) from the age of 19.
Carl Paul Gottfried von Linde (11 June 1842 – 16 November 1934) was a German scientist, engineer, and businessman. He discovered the refrigeration cycle and invented the first industrial-scale air separation and gas liquefaction processes, which led to the first reliable and efficient compressed-ammonia refrigerator in 1876.
Gasoline should ideally be stored in an airtight container (to prevent oxidation or water vapor mixing in with the gas) that can withstand the vapor pressure of the gasoline without venting (to prevent the loss of the more volatile fractions) at a stable cool temperature (to reduce the excess pressure from liquid expansion and to reduce the ...
The high demand for aluminium created the need for the production of sodium. The introduction of the Hall–Héroult process for the production of aluminium by electrolysing a molten salt bath ended the need for large quantities of sodium. A related process based on the reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886. [61]
A coloured plate of a gas plant from Frederick Accum's A Practical Treatise on Gas-light (1815) From 1812 to approximately 1825, manufactured gas was predominantly an English technology. A number of new gas utilities were founded to serve London and other cities in the UK after 1812. Liverpool, Exeter, and Preston were the first in 1816.
1809 – Thomas Forster observes with a theodolite the drift of small free pilot balloons filled with "inflammable gas". [3] [4] [5] 1809 – Gay-Lussac's law, a gas law relating temperature and pressure. 1811 – Avogadro's law, a gas law relating volume and amount of substance. 1819 – Edward Daniel Clarke invents the hydrogen gas blowpipe.