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Arachnoid granulations (also arachnoid villi, and pacchionian granulations or bodies) are small outpouchings of the arachnoid mater and subarachnoid space into the dural venous sinuses of the brain. The granulations are thought to mediate the draining of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space into the venous system .
Arachnoid inflammation can lead to many painful and debilitating symptoms which can vary greatly in each case, and not all people experience all symptoms. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Chronic pain is common, including neuralgia , while numbness and tingling of the extremities can occur with spinal cord involvement, and bowel, bladder, and sexual ...
Lumbar punctures are often used to diagnose or verify an infection in very young babies and can cause quite a bit of pain unless appropriate pain control is used (analgesia). [8] Managing pain is important for infants undergoing this procedure. [8] Approaches for pain control include topical pain medications (anaesthetics such as lidocaine).
Kidney infections are relatively rare, but can be serious. Known medically as pyelonephritis, kidney infections can occur when you have a bladder or urinary tract infection (UTI) and the bacteria ...
Chronic pyelonephritis implies recurrent kidney infections and can result in scarring of the renal parenchyma and impaired function, especially in the setting of obstruction. A perinephric abscess (infection around the kidney) and/or pyonephrosis may develop in severe cases of pyelonephritis. [23]
Some people experience dysuria, and lower back pain. In chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis the patient can experience symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss. Other conditions that may develop include a high concentration of potassium in the blood, metabolic acidosis, and kidney failure. [citation needed]
Others may not have symptoms and may be picked up on screening, with urinalysis finding high amounts of protein loss in the urine. A definitive diagnosis of membranous nephropathy requires a kidney biopsy , though given the very high specificity of anti-PLA2R antibody positivity this can sometimes be avoided in patients with nephrotic syndrome ...
The various symptoms of acute kidney injury result from the various disturbances of kidney function that are associated with the disease. Accumulation of urea and other nitrogen-containing substances in the bloodstream lead to a number of symptoms, such as fatigue , loss of appetite , headache , nausea , and vomiting . [ 6 ]
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