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Hypocalcemia can also occur with massive blood transfusions because of the complex of citrate with serum calcium. Calcium levels below 0.9 mmol/L should be treated. [73] Blood doping has been used by athletes to increase physical stamina. [74] A lack of knowledge and insufficient experience can turn a blood transfusion into a dangerous event.
A transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) or transfusion-associated infection is a pathogen (virus, parasite, bacteria, or prion) which is transmissible through donated blood and can give rise to infection in the recipient by way of transfusion.
Prevention includes gamma irradiation of the lymphocyte-containing blood components such as red blood cells, platelets and granulocytes. Irradiated blood components should be issued in the following situations: [7] Intrauterine transfusions; Prematurity, low birthweight, or erythroblastosis fetalis in newborns; Congenital immunodeficiencies
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Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) is the United Kingdom's haemovigilance scheme. It collects and analyses anonymized information on adverse events and blood transfusion reactions. When SHOT has identified risks related to transfusion, it produces recommendations within its annual reports to improve patient safety .
Blood transfusions can be traditionally classified as autologous, where the blood donor and transfusion recipient are the same, or as allogeneic/homologous, where the blood is transfused into someone other than the donor. Blood transfusion begins by the withdrawal of 1 to 4 units of blood (1 unit = 450 mL of blood) several weeks before competition.
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the serious complication of transfusion of blood products that is characterized by the rapid onset of excess fluid in the lungs. [1] It can cause dangerous drops in the supply of oxygen to body tissues.
The first recorded blood transfusion was performed between two dogs in 1665. [4] On June 15, 1667, Jean-Baptiste Denis, a French physician, and Paul Emmerez, a surgeon, performed the first documented xenotransfusion to humans. The transfusion occurred between a lamb and a 15-year-old boy.