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Maria Dauerer (1624–1688), first Swedish female apothecary; Edna Gleason, American pharmacist and "mother of fair-trade" Elizabeth Gooking Greenleaf (1681–1762), first American female apothecary [1] Elsie Higgon (1879–1969), English pharmacist and president of the National Association of Women Pharmacists
Women have served widely as pharmacists. [1] However, as with women in many jobs, women in pharmacy have been restricted. For example, only in 1964 was the American Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub. L. 88–352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted July 2, 1964) enacted, which outlawed refusing to hire women because of their sex including though not limited to in the profession of pharmacist.
An apothecary in the 15th century. Apothecary (/ ə ˈ p ɒ θ ə k ər i /) is an archaic English term for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses materia medica (medicine) to physicians, surgeons and patients. The modern terms 'pharmacist' and 'chemist' (British English) have taken over this role.
The first "drugstores" in North America "appeared in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Boston, New York, and Philadelphia," [11] with likely proto-drugstores—for example Gysbert van Imbroch ran a "general store" that sold drugs from 1663 to 1665 in Wildwyck, New Netherland, [12] today's Kingston, New York—preceding the dedicated apothecary shops of the 1700s, and providing a model.
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[1] [2] It is the largest collection of pharmaceutical memorabilia in the United States. [1] The building is the former residence and apothecary of America's first licensed pharmacist, Louis J. Dufilho, Jr. [2] [3] [4] Dufilho was licensed in pharmacy in 1816. [4] This was in the setting when public health was lacking in New Orleans. [5]
Marshall is regarded by some as being the first female pharmacist in the United States, [4] though Elizabeth Gooking Greenleaf was the first in 1727. [7] Marshall ran the pharmacy for two decades. She was able to bring the shop out of bankruptcy and her efforts resulted in the pharmacy's financial success during that period.