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An IP address is part of a CIDR block and is said to match the CIDR prefix if the initial n bits of the address and the CIDR prefix are the same. An IPv4 address is 32 bits so an n-bit CIDR prefix leaves 32 − n bits unmatched, meaning that 2 32−n IPv4 addresses match a given n-bit CIDR prefix. Shorter CIDR prefixes match more addresses ...
Range contributions are now supported in MediaWiki core. Simply enter the range at Special:Contributions. You can also do a wildcard search (e.g. 83.217.178.*) using the Contribsrange gadget gadget. Enable "Allow /16, /24 and /27 – /32 CIDR ranges" at Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets under "Advanced".
The result uses CIDR notation and can be used by an administrator to block a range of IP addresses. The template can be used by editing any page, inserting the template, and previewing the result. There is no need to save the edit. As an example, you could edit your sandbox and replace its contents with
NativeForeigner's range calculator; blockcalc on tool labs; Tools to check range contributions: Range calc gadget (recommended). Go to your gadgets and enable "Allow /16, /24 and /27 – /32 CIDR ranges on Special:Contributions". From here you can go to Special:Contribs and enter the CIDR range in
The ISP might then assign subnetworks to each of their downstream clients, e.g., Customer A will have the range 172.1.1.0 to 172.1.1.255, Customer B would receive the range 172.1.2.0 to 172.1.2.255 and Customer C would receive the range 172.1.3.0 to 172.1.3.255, and so on. Instead of an entry for each of the subnets 172.1.1.x and 172.1.2.x, etc ...
Such a range cannot be written as a single CIDR range, but consists of two CIDR ranges, i.e. 123.123.123.0/24 and 123.123.124.0/24. Please note that this is a very simple example, much more complicated cases do exist in reality.
Alternately, if you are unsure whether disruptive edits from a specific range are a specific user, you can post a request at sockpuppet investigations where another editor will attempt to match users with IP addresses. You can calculate a rangeblock using this tool or {{IP range calculator}}.
Some large / 8 blocks of IPv4 addresses, the former Class A network blocks, are assigned in whole to single organizations or related groups of organizations, either by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), through the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), or a regional Internet registry.