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Choir dress of a cardinal, in scarlet Cardinals are senior members of the clergy of the Catholic Church who are titular clergy of the Diocese of Rome, thereby serving as the primary advisors to the Bishop of Rome. They are almost always bishops and generally hold important roles within the church, such as leading prominent archdioceses or heading dicasteries within the Roman Curia. Cardinals ...
List of Cardinal Secretaries of State This page was last edited on 4 October 2018, at 16:04 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons ...
By the papacy of Sixtus V (1585–1590), the number was set at seventy on 3 December 1586, divided among fourteen cardinal-deacons, fifty cardinal-priests, and six cardinal-bishops. [ 5 ] Popes respected that limit until Pope John XXIII increased the number of cardinals several times to 88 in January 1961 [ 15 ] and Pope Paul VI continued this ...
List of the cardinals attested in the contemporary sources during the period of pornocracy (904–964) and later until the election of Pope John XV in August 985. It certainly contains only small part of all cardinals living at that time, because only a small number of documents and other accounts useful for the reconstruction of that list have been preserved to our times.
Because of their resulting importance, the term cardinal (from Latin cardo, meaning "hinge") was applied to them. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began. Each cardinal is still assigned a church in Rome as his "titular church" or is linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses.
Each of Francis' consistories has increased the number of cardinal electors from at or less than the set limit of 120 [b] to a number higher than 120, as high as 140 in 2024, surpassing the record 135 set by Pope John Paul II in 2001 and 2003. [2] Since 2 June 2023, two-thirds of the cardinal electors have been cardinals created by Francis. [3]
The cardinal virtues are four virtues of mind and character in classical philosophy. They are prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance. They form a virtue theory of ethics. The term cardinal comes from the Latin cardo (hinge); [1] these four virtues are called "cardinal" because all other virtues fall under them and hinge upon them. [2]
List of the promotions of the cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Dates of the consistories are known or possible to establish only from the pontificate of Pope Gelasius II (1118–1119). [ 1 ] Information concerning the number and names of the cardinals created before this pontificate are certainly incomplete. [ 2 ]