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[4] [23] However, individuals exhibiting angina symptoms that are associated with depressions in their electrocardiogram ST segments, that are triggered by exertion, and/or who have atherosclerotic coronary artery disease are still considered to have variant angina if their symptoms are caused by coronary artery spasms.
Amlodipine, sold under the brand name Norvasc among others, is a calcium channel blocker medication used to treat high blood pressure, coronary artery disease (CAD) [10] and variant angina (also called Prinzmetal angina or coronary artery vasospasm, among other names). [11] It is taken orally (swallowed by mouth). [10]
Coronary vasospasm refers to when a coronary artery suddenly undergoes either complete or sub-total temporary occlusion. [ 1 ] In 1959, Prinzmetal et al. described a type of chest pain resulting from coronary vasospasm, referring to it as a variant form of classical angina pectoris . [ 2 ]
The primary factor differentiating unstable angina from stable angina (other than symptoms) is the underlying pathophysiology of the atherosclerosis. The pathophysiology of unstable angina is the reduction of coronary blood flow due to transient platelet aggregation on apparently normal endothelium, coronary artery spasms, or coronary thrombosis.
This can help ameliorate symptoms of ischaemic heart disease such as angina pectoris. Immunohistochemical analysis of L-type calcium channel Cav1.3 (CACNA1D) in human adrenal cortex: Marked immunoreactivity was detected in the zona glomerulosa. In the figure: ZG = zona glomerulosa, ZF = zona fasciculata, AC = adrenal capsule.
Vasospasm refers to a condition in which an arterial spasm leads to vasoconstriction. This can lead to tissue ischemia (insufficient blood flow) and tissue death ( necrosis ). Along with physical resistance, vasospasm is a main cause of ischemia.
Microvascular angina (MVA), previously known as cardiac syndrome X, [1] also known as coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) or microvascular coronary disease is a type of angina (chest pain) with signs associated with decreased blood flow to heart tissue but with normal coronary arteries.
Other potential symptoms include: nausea and vomiting, a decreased level of consciousness, and breathing difficulties. [2] Symptoms usually begin within 6 hours of taking the medication by mouth. [2] With extended release formulations symptoms may not occur for up to a day. [2] Seizures are rare in adults but in children occur more often. [2]
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