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Queue overflow results from trying to add an element onto a full queue and queue underflow happens when trying to remove an element from an empty queue. A bounded queue is a queue limited to a fixed number of items. [1] There are several efficient implementations of FIFO queues.
Python 2.4 introduced the collections module with support for deque objects. It is implemented using a doubly linked list of fixed-length subarrays. As of PHP 5.3, PHP's SPL extension contains the 'SplDoublyLinkedList' class that can be used to implement Deque datastructures.
STL also has utility functions for manipulating another random-access container as a binary max-heap. The Boost libraries also have an implementation in the library heap. Python's heapq module implements a binary min-heap on top of a list. Java's library contains a PriorityQueue class, which implements a min-priority-queue as a binary heap.
[4] [5] Although the C++ Standard Library and the STL share many features, neither is a strict superset of the other. [citation needed] A noteworthy feature of the C++ Standard Library is that it not only specifies the syntax and semantics of generic algorithms, but also places requirements on their performance. [6]
In computer science, a double-ended priority queue (DEPQ) [1] or double-ended heap [2] is a data structure similar to a priority queue or heap, but allows for efficient removal of both the maximum and minimum, according to some ordering on the keys (items) stored in the structure. Every element in a DEPQ has a priority or value.
Python 2.5 implements better support for coroutine-like functionality, based on extended generators Python 3.3 improves this ability, by supporting delegating to a subgenerator ( PEP 380 ) Python 3.4 introduces a comprehensive asynchronous I/O framework as standardized in PEP 3156 , which includes coroutines that leverage subgenerator delegation
Say we have the following min-max heap and want to insert a new node with value 6. Initially, node 6 is inserted as a right child of the node 11. 6 is less than 11, therefore it is less than all the nodes on the max levels (41), and we need to check only the min levels (8 and 11). We should swap the nodes 6 and 11 and then swap 6 and 8.
More generally, Python 2.x specifies the built-in file objects as being “implemented using C's stdio package," [48] and frequent reference is made to C standard library behaviors; the available operations (open, read, write, etc.) are expected to have the same behavior as the corresponding C functions (fopen, fread, fwrite, etc.).