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Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, ... and the horizontal axis represents specific entropy. Each ...
Specific enthalpy: h: J/kg Entropy: S: J/K Temperature T Specific entropy s: J/(kg K) Fugacity: f: N/m 2: Gibbs free energy: G: J Specific Gibbs free energy g: J/kg Gibbs free entropy: Ξ: J/K Grand / Landau potential: Ω: J Heat capacity (constant pressure) C p: J/K Specific heat capacity (constant pressure) c p
In the thermodynamical limit, the specific entropy becomes independent on the choice of δE. An important result, known as Nernst's theorem or the third law of thermodynamics, states that the entropy of a system at zero absolute temperature is a well-defined constant.
S(P, T) is determined by followed a specific path in the P-T diagram: integration over T at constant pressure P 0, so that dP = 0, and in the second integral one integrates over P at constant temperature T, so that dT = 0. As the entropy is a function of state the result is independent of the path.
The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways, [25] the most prominent classical statements [26] being the statement by Rudolf Clausius (1854), the statement by Lord Kelvin (1851), and the statement in axiomatic thermodynamics by Constantin Carathéodory (1909). These statements cast the law in general physical terms ...
However, in the thermodynamic limit (i.e. in the limit of infinitely large system size), the specific entropy (entropy per unit volume or per unit mass) does not depend on . The entropy is thus a measure of the uncertainty about exactly which quantum state the system is in, given that we know its energy to be in some interval of size δ E ...
Microstates are used here to describe the probability of a system being in a specific state, as each microstate is assumed to have the same probability of occurring, so macroscopic states with fewer microstates are less probable. In general, entropy is related to the number of possible microstates according to the Boltzmann principle
When applicable, entropy increase is the quantitative measure of that kind of a spontaneous process: how much energy has been effectively lost or become unavailable, by dispersing itself, or spreading itself out, as assessed at a specific temperature.