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  2. Scientific theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_theory

    Theories and laws are also distinct from hypotheses. Unlike hypotheses, theories and laws may be simply referred to as scientific fact. [39] [40] However, in science, theories are different from facts even when they are well supported. [41] For example, evolution is both a theory and a fact. [5]

  3. Philosophy of science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science

    Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.Amongst its central questions are the difference between science and non-science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose and meaning of science as a human endeavour.

  4. Life history theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_history_theory

    Life history theory has provided new perspectives in understanding many aspects of human reproductive behavior, such as the relationship between poverty and fertility. [43] A number of statistical predictions have been confirmed by social data [ citation needed ] and there is a large body of scientific literature from studies in experimental ...

  5. List of superseded scientific theories - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_superseded...

    This list includes well-known general theories in science and pre-scientific natural philosophy and natural history that have since been superseded by other scientific theories. Many discarded explanations were once supported by a scientific consensus , but replaced after more empirical information became available that identified flaws and ...

  6. Vitalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism

    In the 17th century, modern science responded to Newton's action at a distance and the mechanism of Cartesian dualism with vitalist theories: that whereas the chemical transformations undergone by non-living substances are reversible, so-called "organic" matter is permanently altered by chemical transformations (such as cooking).

  7. Evolution as fact and theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory

    Professor of biology Jerry Coyne sums up biological evolution succinctly: [3]. Life on Earth evolved gradually beginning with one primitive species – perhaps a self-replicating molecule – that lived more than 3.5 billion years ago; it then branched out over time, throwing off many new and diverse species; and the mechanism for most (but not all) of evolutionary change is natural selection.

  8. Postpositivism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpositivism

    Postpositivism or postempiricism is a metatheoretical stance that critiques and amends positivism [1] and has impacted theories and practices across philosophy, social sciences, and various models of scientific inquiry.

  9. Posthumanism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumanism

    Critical posthumanism "rejects both human exceptionalism (the idea that humans are unique creatures) and human instrumentalism (that humans have a right to control the natural world)". [53] These contrasting views on the importance of human beings are the main distinctions between the two subjects. [57]