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  2. Microorganism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism

    As microorganisms, in particular bacteria, are found virtually everywhere, harmful microorganisms may be reduced to acceptable levels rather than actually eliminated. In food preparation, microorganisms are reduced by preservation methods such as cooking, cleanliness of utensils, short storage periods, or by low temperatures.

  3. Pathogenic bacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria

    Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. [1] This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and many are beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred. [2]

  4. Microbial toxin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_toxin

    Bacteria toxins which can be classified as either exotoxins or endotoxins.Exotoxins are generated and actively secreted; endotoxins remain part of the bacteria. Usually, an endotoxin is part of the bacterial outer membrane, and it is not released until the bacterium is killed by the immune system.

  5. Human pathogen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pathogen

    A human pathogen is a pathogen (microbe or microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus) that causes disease in humans. The human physiological defense against common pathogens (such as Pneumocystis ) is mainly the responsibility of the immune system with help by some of the body's normal microbiota .

  6. Pathogen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen

    Humans can be infected with many types of pathogens, including prions, viruses, bacteria, and fungi, causing symptoms like sneezing, coughing, fever, vomiting, and potentially lethal organ failure. While some symptoms are caused by the pathogenic infection, others are caused by the immune system's efforts to kill the pathogen, such as ...

  7. Physical factors affecting microbial life - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_factors_affecting...

    Freezing temperatures curb the spoiling effect of microorganisms in food, but can also preserve some pathogens unharmed for long periods of time. Freezing kills some microorganisms by physical trauma, others are sublethally injured by freezing, and may recover to become infectious. [13]

  8. Gut microbiota - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_microbiota

    Antibiotics can cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea by irritating the bowel directly, changing the levels of microbiota, or allowing pathogenic bacteria to grow. [7] Another harmful effect of antibiotics is the increase in numbers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria found after their use, which, when they invade the host, cause illnesses that are ...

  9. Food spoilage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_spoilage

    Some bacteria are responsible for the spoilage of food. When bacteria breaks down the food, acids and other waste products are generated in the process. [2] While the bacteria itself may or may not be harmful, the waste products may be unpleasant to taste or may even be harmful to one's health. [3]