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Informal participation: Could happen in interpersonal relationships between employers and employees. Usually no fixed rules and specific contents are decided in advance. Employee ownership: Formal and indirect participation. Although subordinates have the chance to participate in decision-making, usually the typical employees cannot.
Employees have more independence therefore may take more responsibility and pride in their work. Employees feel like an integral component towards the organization and therefore have more pride, motivation, and incentive to fulfill the project. [8] [9] Negative effects participatory management has that can lead to negative employee perceptions:
In 1993, Schmidt et al. proposed a bridge between the pre-existing concept of 'job satisfaction' and employee engagement with the definition: "an employee's involvement with, commitment to, and satisfaction with work. Employee engagement is a part of employee retention."
Economics of participation is an umbrella term spanning the economic analysis of worker cooperatives, labor-managed firms, profit sharing, gain sharing, employee ownership, employee stock ownership plans, works councils, codetermination, and other mechanisms which employees use to participate in their firm's decision making and financial results.
Horvat says that participation is not simply more desirable, but also more economically viable than traditional hierarchical and authoritarian management as demonstrated by econometric measurements which indicate an increase in efficiency with greater participation in decision-making.
M Poole, Workers' Participation in Industry (2nd edn 1978) BC Roberts (ed), Towards Industrial Democracy: Europe, Japan and the United States (1979) B Webb and S Webb. Industrial Democracy (1897) J Witte, Democracy, Authority, and Alienation in Work: Workers’ Participation in an American Corporation (University of Chicago Press, 1980)
Work engagement as measured by the UWES is positively related with, but can nevertheless be differentiated from, similar constructs such as job involvement and organizational commitment, [8] in-role and extra-role behavior; [9] personal initiative, [10] Type A, [11] and workaholism. [12]
A 2006 meta-study on workplace democracy found that it can 'equal or exceed the productivity of conventional enterprises when employee involvement is combined with ownership' and 'enrich local social capital.' [27] Another 2006 study reviewing existing evidence found that contrary to the popular idea that worker participation would decrease ...