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2. Total disc replacement - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Disc_Replacement

   The AAOS states that disc replacement requires a high level of technical skill for accurate placement and has a significant level of risk if revision surgery is needed. [ 23 ] Members of AAOS and the American Association of Neurological Surgeons joined together as the Association for Ethics in Spine Surgery, formed to raise awareness of the ...

3. Spinal disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_disease

   Degenerative disc disease occurs over time when the discs within each vertebra in the neck begin to fall apart and begin to disintegrate. Because each vertebra can cause pain in different areas of the body, the pain from the disease can be sensed in the back, leg, neck area, or even the arms. When the spinal canal begins to lose its gap and ...

4. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cervical...

   The neurosurgeon or orthopedic surgeon enters the space between two discs through a small incision in front (= anterior) of and at the right or left side of the neck. The disc is completely removed, as well as arthritic bone spurs. The disc material, pressing on the spinal nerve or spinal cord, is then completely removed.

5. Degenerative disc disease - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerative_disc_disease

   There are many surgical options for the treatment of degenerative disc disease, including anterior [16] and posterior approaches. The most common surgical treatments include: [ 17 ] Microdiscectomy : A minimally invasive surgical procedure in which a portion of a herniated nucleus pulposus is removed by way of a surgical instrument or laser ...

6. Discectomy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discectomy

   A discectomy (also called open discectomy, if done through a 1/2 inch or larger skin opening) is the surgical removal of abnormal disc material that presses on a nerve root or the spinal cord. The procedure involves removing a portion of an intervertebral disc, which causes pain, weakness or numbness by stressing the spinal cord or radiating ...

7. Spondylosis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondylosis

   Decompression surgery: The vertebral column can be operated on from both an anterior and posterior approach. The approach varies depending on the site and cause of root compression. Commonly, osteophytes and portions of intervertebral disc are removed. [14] Fusion surgery: Performed when there is evidence of spinal instability or mal-alignment ...