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As of 2005, Japan's military budget equalled about 3% of the national budget; about half is spent on personnel costs, while the rest is for weapons programs, maintenance and operating costs. [78] As of 2011, Japan has the world's eighth-largest military budget. [79] [80]
The General Defense Command was established on July 5, 1941 under the direct command of the Emperor via the Imperial General Headquarters.For administrative, recruiting and accounting purposes, Japan was divided into six army districts, each with a garrison force equivalent to an army corps:
The abbreviation of the agency in Japanese is Tōbaku (統幕). The JSO is considered to be the equivalent of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of foreign armed forces, including that of the United States. Its predecessor was the Joint Chiefs Council (JSC).
Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico, Virginia: The Marine Corps Association. Shin'ichi Kitaoka, "Army as Bureaucracy: Japanese Militarism Revisited", Journal of Military History, special issue 57 (October 1993): 67–83. Edgerton, Robert B. (1999). Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military. Westview Press.
The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Japanese: 陸上自衛隊, Hepburn: Rikujō Jieitai), JGSDF (陸自, Rikuji), also referred to as the Japanese Army, [3] is the land warfare branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. Created on July 1, 1954, it is the largest of the three service branches.
The Japanese Defense Agency was established on 1 July 1954. Until May 2000, it was based in Akasaka (currently occupied by Tokyo Midtown).The JDA was placed under the authority of the Prime Minister's Office under Article 2 of the Defense Agency Establishment Law [17] before it was placed under the Cabinet Office in 2001.
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Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3600-7. Harries, Meirion (1994). Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. Random House. ISBN 0-679-75303-6. "Foreign Office Files for Japan and the Far East". Adam Matthew Publications. Retrieved 2 March 2005.