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Stage was traditionally measured visually using a staff gauge, which is a fixed ruler marked in 1/100 and 1/10 foot intervals, [3] however electronic sensors that transmit real-time information to the Internet are now used for many of these kinds of measurements. [4] The flood stage measurements are given as a height above or below the zero level.
The infiltration capacity is defined as the maximum rate of infiltration. It is most often measured in meters per day but can also be measured in other units of distance over time if necessary. [1] The infiltration capacity decreases as the soil moisture content of soils surface layers increases.
A weir was built on the Humber River (Ontario) to prevent a recurrence of a catastrophic flood. Flood management describes methods used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters. Flooding can be caused by a mix of both natural processes, such as extreme weather upstream, and human changes to waterbodies and runoff.
These curves are commonly used in hydrology for flood forecasting and civil engineering for urban drainage design. However, the IDF curves are also analysed in hydrometeorology because of the interest in the time concentration or time-structure of the rainfall, [2] [3] but it is also possible to define IDF curves for drought events.
Flooding is a natural process, which maintains ecosystem composition and processes, but it can also be altered by land use changes such as river engineering. Floods can be both beneficial to societies or cause damage. Agriculture along the Nile floodplain took advantage of the seasonal flooding that deposited nutrients beneficial for crops ...
Climate change is already making extreme flooding more frequent and intense and by 2050 100-year flood events are projected to occur at least twice as frequently as today across 40% of the planet.
From the ecological perspective, the most distinctive aspect of floodplains is the flood pulse associated with annual floods, and so the floodplain ecosystem is defined as the part of the river valley that is regularly flooded and dried. [19] Floods bring in detrital material rich in nutrients and release nutrients from dry soil as it is flooded.
The strength of the water cycle and its changes over time are of considerable interest, especially as the climate changes. [5] The hydrological cycle is a system whereby the evaporation of moisture in one place leads to precipitation (rain or snow) in another place. For example, evaporation always exceeds precipitation over the oceans.