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Among this constellation of elements, enhancers and their associated transcription factors have a leading role in the regulation of gene expression. [31] An enhancer localized in a DNA region distant from the promoter of a gene can have a very large effect on gene expression, with some genes undergoing up to 100-fold increased expression due to ...
Super-enhancers may play important roles in the misregulation of gene expression in cancer. During tumor development, tumor cells acquire super-enhancers at key oncogenes, which drive higher levels of transcription of these genes than in healthy cells.
Multiple enhancers can act in a coordinated fashion to regulate transcription of one gene. [7] A number of genome-wide sequencing projects have revealed that enhancers are often transcribed to long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) or enhancer RNA (eRNA), whose changes in levels frequently correlate with those of the target gene mRNA.
Enhancers are sequences of the genome that are major gene-regulatory elements. Enhancers control cell-type-specific gene expression programs, most often by looping through long distances to come in physical proximity with the promoters of their target genes. [6]
The best known example of the enhanceosome acts on the human interferon-beta gene, which is upregulated in cells that are infected by viruses. [5] Three activator proteins— NF-κB , an interferon activator protein such as IRF-3 , and the ATF -2/c-Jun complex—cooperatively bind to the upstream enhancer region upon viral infection.
Enhancers and their associated transcription factors have a leading role in the regulation of gene expression. [65] Enhancers are genome regions that regulate genes. Enhancers control cell-type-specific gene expression programs, most often by looping through long distances to come in physical proximity with the promoters of their target genes. [66]
A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes. [1] Activators are considered to have positive control over gene expression, as they function to promote gene transcription and, in some cases, are required for the transcription of genes to occur.
A transcribed enhancer RNA (eRNA) interacting with the complex of Mediator proteins (see Figure), especially Mediator subunit 12 , appears to be essential in forming the chromosome loop that brings the enhancer into close association with the promoter of the target gene of the enhancer in the case of five genes studied by Lai et al. [15] [16 ...
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