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Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism , though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence .
For example, a covering map has a property of unique local lifting of paths to a given sheet; the uniqueness is because the fibers of a covering map are discrete spaces. The homotopy lifting property will hold in many situations, such as the projection in a vector bundle, fiber bundle or fibration, where there need be no unique way of lifting.
A topological algebra over a topological field is a topological vector space together with a bilinear multiplication ⋅ : A × A → A {\displaystyle \cdot :A\times A\to A} , ( a , b ) ↦ a ⋅ b {\displaystyle (a,b)\mapsto a\cdot b}
The upper topology however is still the coarsest sober order-consistent topology. In fact, its open sets are even inaccessible by any suprema. Hence any sober space with specialization order ≤ is finer than the upper topology and coarser than the Scott topology. Yet, such a space may fail to exist, that is, there exist partial orders for ...
An introduction to categorical approaches to algebraic topology: the focus is on the algebra, and assumes a topological background. Ronald Brown "Topology and Groupoids" pdf available Gives an account of some categorical methods in topology, use the fundamental groupoid on a set of base points to give a generalisation of the Seifert-van Kampen ...
A Concise Course in Algebraic Topology. University of Chicago Press. pp. 183–198. ISBN 0-226-51182-0. This textbook gives a detailed construction of the Thom class for trivial vector bundles, and also formulates the theorem in case of arbitrary vector bundles. Stong, Robert E. (1968). Notes on cobordism theory. Princeton University Press.
The two definitions are equivalent. The requirement for an n-connected space consists of requirements for all d ≤ n: The requirement for d=-1 means that X should be nonempty. The requirement for d=0 means that X should be path-connected. The requirement for any d ≥ 1 means that X contains no holes of boundary dimension d.
This terminology is often used in the case of the algebraic topology on the set of discrete, faithful representations of a Kleinian group into PSL(2,C). Another topology, the geometric topology (also called the Chabauty topology ), can be put on the set of images of the representations, and its closure can include extra Kleinian groups that are ...
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