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  2. VO2 max - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max

    Here Q is the cardiac output of the heart, C a O 2 is the arterial oxygen content, and C v O 2 is the venous oxygen content. (C a O 2 – C v O 2) is also known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference. The Fick equation may be used to measure V̇O 2 in critically ill patients, but its usefulness is low even in non-exerted cases. [8]

  3. Cardiac output - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_output

    Major factors influencing cardiac output – heart rate and stroke volume, both of which are variable. [1]In cardiac physiology, cardiac output (CO), also known as heart output and often denoted by the symbols , ˙, or ˙, [2] is the volumetric flow rate of the heart's pumping output: that is, the volume of blood being pumped by a single ventricle of the heart, per unit time (usually measured ...

  4. Cardiorespiratory fitness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiorespiratory_fitness

    The cardiovascular system responds to changing demands on the body by adjusting cardiac output, blood flow, and blood pressure. Cardiac output is defined as the product of heart rate and stroke volume which represents the volume of blood being pumped by the heart each minute. Cardiac output increases during physical activity due to an increase ...

  5. Heart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart

    Cardiac output (CO) is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle (stroke volume) in one minute. This is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume (SV) by the beats per minute of the heart rate (HR). So that: CO = SV x HR. [8] The cardiac output is normalized to body size through body surface area and is called the cardiac ...

  6. Smoking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking

    Smoking is a practice in which a substance is combusted and the resulting smoke is typically inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream of a person. Most commonly, the substance used is the dried leaves of the tobacco plant, which have been rolled with a small rectangle of paper into an elongated cylinder called a cigarette.

  7. Hemodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamics

    The other thermodilution method is to sense the temperature change from a liquid injected in the proximal port of a Swan-Ganz to the distal port. Cardiac output is mathematically expressed by the following equation: = where CO = cardiac output (L/sec) SV = stroke volume (ml) HR = heart rate (bpm)

  8. Work of breathing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_of_breathing

    The normal relaxed state of the lung and chest is partially empty. Further exhalation requires muscular work. Inhalation is an active process requiring work. [4] Some of this work is to overcome frictional resistance to flow, and part is used to deform elastic tissues, and is stored as potential energy, which is recovered during the passive process of exhalation, Tidal breathing is breathing ...

  9. Tobacco harm reduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reduction

    The consumption of tobacco products and its harmful effects affect both smokers and non-smokers, [9] and is a major risk factor for six of the eight leading causes of deaths in the world, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, periodontal diseases, teeth decay and loss, over 20 different types or subtypes of cancers, strokes, several debilitating ...