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  2. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    All these extensions are also called normal or Gaussian laws, so a certain ambiguity in names exists. The multivariate normal distribution describes the Gaussian law in the k-dimensional Euclidean space. A vector X ∈ R k is multivariate-normally distributed if any linear combination of its components Σ k j=1 a j X j has a (univariate) normal ...

  3. List of probability distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_probability...

    The Cauchy distribution, an example of a distribution which does not have an expected value or a variance. In physics it is usually called a Lorentzian profile, and is associated with many processes, including resonance energy distribution, impact and natural spectral line broadening and quadratic stark line broadening.

  4. Gaussian function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_function

    Specifically, if the mass-density at time t=0 is given by a Dirac delta, which essentially means that the mass is initially concentrated in a single point, then the mass-distribution at time t will be given by a Gaussian function, with the parameter a being linearly related to 1/ √ t and c being linearly related to √ t; this time-varying ...

  5. Multivariate normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_normal...

    Hence the multivariate normal distribution is an example of the class of elliptical distributions. The directions of the principal axes of the ellipsoids are given by the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix . The squared relative lengths of the principal axes are given by the corresponding eigenvalues.

  6. Gaussian integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_integral

    A different technique, which goes back to Laplace (1812), [3] is the following. Let = =. Since the limits on s as y → ±∞ depend on the sign of x, it simplifies the calculation to use the fact that e −x 2 is an even function, and, therefore, the integral over all real numbers is just twice the integral from zero to infinity.

  7. Matrix normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_normal_distribution

    The probability density function for the random matrix X (n × p) that follows the matrix normal distribution , (,,) has the form: (,,) = ⁡ ([() ()]) / | | / | | /where denotes trace and M is n × p, U is n × n and V is p × p, and the density is understood as the probability density function with respect to the standard Lebesgue measure in , i.e.: the measure corresponding to integration ...

  8. 68–95–99.7 rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68–95–99.7_rule

    Diagram showing the cumulative distribution function for the normal distribution with mean (μ) 0 and variance (σ 2) 1. These numerical values "68%, 95%, 99.7%" come from the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. The prediction interval for any standard score z corresponds numerically to (1 − (1 − Φ μ,σ 2 (z)) · 2).

  9. List of integrals of Gaussian functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of...

    is the corresponding cumulative distribution function ... Owen [1] has an extensive list of Gaussian-type integrals; only a subset is given below. Indefinite integrals