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Children need caring and supportive adults to help them because it is difficult for children to handle this type of stress on their own. [4] Therefore, the stress response may be activated from weeks to months or even years. [4] Prolonged stress leads to adverse effects such as permanent emotional or developmental damage. [4]
The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (version 4 was released September 2019) is a standard series of measurements originally developed by psychologist Nancy Bayley used primarily to assess the development of infants and toddlers, ages 1–42 months. [1]
Standardized assessments have been developed to identify social emotional concerns as young as 6 months old. [35] Below is a list of some more widely used parent-report screening measures and comprehensive assessments: [34] Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social Emotional (ASQ-SE) [35] Appropriate for children ages 6–60 months
Emotional development. Responds to parents' comforting when upset. [21] Becomes alert upon hearing pleasant sounds. [21] Cognitive skills. Stares at objects, particularly brightly colored ones, when placed in front of face. [21] Able to follow faces. [21] Sensory development. Focuses on things about 8 to 12 inches (20 to 30 cm) away. [22]
Edward Tronick is an American developmental psychologist best known for his studies of infants, [1] carried out in 1970s, showing that when the connection between an infant and caregiver is broken, the infant tries to engage the caregiver, and then, if there is no response, the infant pulls back – first physically and then emotionally. [2]
Some of these areas included communicative, cognitive, social, adaptive behavior, physical, and fine motor skill development of children. [21] This enhancement however, is short-lived (from between 12 and 15 months of age). [10] Doherty-Sneddon argues, however, that this timescale represents only a general norm. [12]
Learning through play is a term used in education and psychology to describe how a child can learn to make sense of the world around them. Through play children can develop social and cognitive skills, mature emotionally, and gain the self-confidence required to engage in new experiences and environments.
A number of research studies have used this technique and shown self-awareness to develop between 15 and 24 months of age. [45] [46] Some researchers take language such as "I, me, my, etc." as an indicator of self-awareness. [47] Rochat (2003) described a more in-depth developmental path in acquiring self-awareness through various stages.