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The jugal bone is located on either side of the skull in the circumorbital region. It is the origin of several masticatory muscles in the skull. [1] The jugal and lacrimal bones are the only two remaining from the ancestral circumorbital series: the prefrontal, postfrontal, postorbital, jugal, and lacrimal bones.
In animals with a quadratojugal bone, it is typically found connected to the jugal (cheek) bone from the front and the squamosal bone from above. It is usually positioned at the rear lower corner of the cranium. [2] Many modern tetrapods lack a quadratojugal bone as it has been lost or fused to other bones.
Synapsids, including mammals, have one temporal fenestra, which is ventrally bordered by a zygomatic arch composed of the jugal and squamosal bones. This single temporal fenestra is homologous to the infratemporal fenestra, as displayed most clearly by early synapsids. [ 2 ]
The jugal continues back and forms the lower margin of the orbits, bearing a crest and a depression on its outer surface. The jugal extends nearly to the end of the cranium where it contacts the quadratojugal, nearly forming part of the lower jaw articulation. The quadratojugal is a slim element squeezed in between the jugal and the quadrate ...
The jugal is a skull bone that found in most of the reptiles, amphibians and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the zygomatic bone or malar bone. [8] The prefrontal bone is a bone that separates the lacrimal and frontal bones in many tetrapod skulls.
In most tetrapods, the squamosal and quadratojugal bones form the cheek series of the skull. [2] The bone forms an ancestral component of the dermal roof and is typically thin compared to other skull bones. [3] The squamosal bone lies ventral to the temporal series and otic notch, and is bordered anteriorly by the postorbital.
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A schematic of an anapsid skull showing the location of major dermal bones of the upper skull, including the quadrate bone (q).. The quadrate bone is a skull bone in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids.